Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.

Semantics

P （）refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.

Phonology

Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.

Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.

Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k（）of the rules of his language.

Phonetics