Supply chain management consists of firms collaborating to leverage strategic positioning and to improve operating efficiency.

In marine voyage chartering， the following（）terms are normally appeared in the voyage charter party.

“Shipment is to be made in the second half of a month.” means shipment to be made from （）.

In consolidation service， it is usually the consignor who issues to each consignee his bill of lading.

Customs clearance in the import-export trade is one of the traditional functions of a freight forwarder.Customs clearance measures mainly include （）。

General average and salvage charges are covered both in FPA and WA coverage.

The bill of lading serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea between the（）.

For transport of hazardous materials， truckers need a licence， which usually requires them to pass an exam.

The freight forwarders， on behalf of the consignee， would arrange customs clearance and pay duties， fees and other charges to the customs and other public authorities.

Since the freight payments are taken care of by the freight forwarder， the carrier doesn′t have to take any （）.